Hi Science lovers,
Take a look at the “This Week in Science”, Editor Summaries of this week's papers.
In science news around the world, fires were on the rise in the first half of 2016 in the Brazilian Amazon and its great central savanna, the Cerrado; Russia's scientific community is reeling from news of planned layoffs; the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health selects a new director; and climate change and a melting ice sheet may soon expose a Cold War–era military base on Greenland. Also, scientists have made the first diagnosis of septic arthritis in a dinosaur. And a new study suggests that the female orgasm is an evolutionary holdover from a time when intercourse stimulated hormonal surges that drove ovulation.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.

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EDITORIAL

JIFfy Pop
Jeremy Berg

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[10.1126/science.aah6493]


IN BRIEF

News at a glance
American Association for the Advancement of Science

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.524]


IN DEPTH

Venezuela's woes hamper access to fossil trove
Lizzie Wade

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.526]


Antiaging trial using young blood stirs concerns
Jocelyn Kaiser

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.527]


NSF tries two-step review, drawing praise-and darts
Jeffrey Mervis

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.528]


Zika vaccine has a good shot
Jon Cohen

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.529]


Synchrotron aims to bridge divides in the Middle East
Erik Stokstad

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.530]


Dispute over president's age tears Pasteur Institute apart
Tania Rabesandratana

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.531]


FEATURES

The storyteller
Adrian Cho

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.532]


The long road to LIGO
Adrian Cho

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.534]


WORKING LIFE

Working my way out
Jason Cantley

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.618]


LETTERS

Deciphering P values: Beware false certainty
Chad L. Hewitt , Marnie L. Campbell, Alisha Dahlstrom Davidson

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[10.1126/science.aag3065]


Deciphering P values: Defining significance
Fred Phillips

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[10.1126/science.aah4157]


Expanding protected areas is not enough
Aliénor L. M. Chauvenet , Megan Barnes

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[10.1126/science.aah3762]


BOOK REVIEWS

Bombs away?
Alex Wellerstein

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[10.1126/science.aag1183]


Facts versus fallacy
Christopher J. Phillips

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[10.1126/science.aag2776]


POLICY FORUM

The FDA is prohibited from going germline
I. Glenn Cohen , Eli Y. Adashi

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[10.1126/science.aag2960]


China-U.S. cooperation to advance nuclear power
Junji Cao , Armond Cohen, James Hansen, Richard Lester, Per Peterson, Hongjie Xu

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[10.1126/science.aaf7131]


PERSPECTIVES

Emperor Yu's Great Flood
David R. Montgomery

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[10.1126/science.aah4040]


Bringing order to the expanding fermion zoo
Carlo Beenakker

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[10.1126/science.aag2865]


How do sunflowers follow the Sun-and to what end?
Winslow R. Briggs

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[10.1126/science.aah4439]


Benefits of selective feeding
Rebecca M. Lennen

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[10.1126/science.aah4106]


A nanoview of battery operation
Steen B. Schougaard

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[10.1126/science.aah4124]


REVIEW

Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems
Prarthana Mohanraju , Kira S. Makarova, Bernd Zetsche, Feng Zhang, Eugene V. Koonin, John van der Oost

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[10.1126/science.aad5147]


RESEARCH ARTICLES

Beyond Dirac and Weyl fermions: Unconventional quasiparticles in conventional crystals
Barry Bradlyn , Jennifer Cano, Zhijun Wang, M. G. Vergniory, C. Felser, R. J. Cava, B. Andrei Bernevig

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[10.1126/science.aaf5037]


C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector
Omar O. Abudayyeh , Jonathan S. Gootenberg, Silvana Konermann, Julia Joung, Ian M. Slaymaker, David B. T. Cox, Sergey Shmakov, Kira S. Makarova, Ekaterina Semenova, Leonid Minakhin, Konstantin Severinov, Aviv Regev, Eric S. Lander, Eugene V. Koonin, Feng Zhang

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[10.1126/science.aaf5573]


REPORTS

Grain-resolved analysis of localized deformation in nickel-titanium wire under tensile load
P. Sedmák , J. Pilch, L. Heller, J. Kopeček, J. Wright, P. Sedlák, M. Frost, P. Šittner

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[10.1126/science.aad6700]


Direct conversion of methane to aromatics in a catalytic co-ionic membrane reactor
S. H. Morejudo , R. Zanón, S. Escolástico, I. Yuste-Tirados, H. Malerød-Fjeld, P. K. Vestre, W. G. Coors, A. Martínez, T. Norby, J. M. Serra, C. Kjølseth

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[10.1126/science.aag0274]


Origin and hysteresis of lithium compositional spatiodynamics within battery primary particles
Jongwoo Lim , Yiyang Li, Daan Hein Alsem, Hongyun So, Sang Chul Lee, Peng Bai, Daniel A. Cogswell, Xuzhao Liu, Norman Jin, Young-sang Yu, Norman J. Salmon, David A. Shapiro, Martin Z. Bazant, Tolek Tyliszczak, William C. Chueh

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[10.1126/science.aaf4914]


Permanent excimer superstructures by supramolecular networking of metal quantum clusters
Beatriz Santiago-Gonzalez , Angelo Monguzzi, Jon Mikel Azpiroz, Mirko Prato, Silvia Erratico, Marcello Campione, Roberto Lorenzi, Jacopo Pedrini, Carlo Santambrogio, Yvan Torrente, Filippo De Angelis, Francesco Meinardi, Sergio Brovelli

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[10.1126/science.aaf4924]


Tuning the valley and chiral quantum state of Dirac electrons in van der Waals heterostructures
J. R. Wallbank , D. Ghazaryan, A. Misra, Y. Cao, J. S. Tu, B. A. Piot, M. Potemski, S. Pezzini, S. Wiedmann, U. Zeitler, T. L. M. Lane, S. V. Morozov, M. T. Greenaway, L. Eaves, A. K. Geim, V. I. Fal'ko, K. S. Novoselov, A. Mishchenko

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[10.1126/science.aaf4621]


Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China's Great Flood and the Xia dynasty
Qinglong Wu , Zhijun Zhao, Li Liu, Darryl E. Granger, Hui Wang, David J. Cohen, Xiaohong Wu, Maolin Ye, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Bin Lu, Jin Zhang, Peizhen Zhang, Daoyang Yuan, Wuyun Qi, Linhai Cai, Shibiao Bai

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[10.1126/science.aaf0842]


Metabolic engineering of microbial competitive advantage for industrial fermentation processes
A. Joe Shaw , Felix H. Lam, Maureen Hamilton, Andrew Consiglio, Kyle MacEwen, Elena E. Brevnova, Emily Greenhagen, W. Greg LaTouf, Colin R. South, Hans van Dijken, Gregory Stephanopoulos

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[10.1126/science.aaf6159]


Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits
Hagop S. Atamian , Nicky M. Creux, Evan A. Brown, Austin G. Garner, Benjamin K. Blackman, Stacey L. Harmer

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[10.1126/science.aaf9793]


Macromolecular recognition directs calcium ions to coccolith mineralization sites
Assaf Gal , Richard Wirth, Joachim Kopka, Peter Fratzl, Damien Faivre, André Scheffel

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[10.1126/science.aaf7889]


The inhibition mechanism of human 20Sproteasomes enables next-generation inhibitor design
Jil Schrader , Fabian Henneberg, Ricardo A. Mata, Kai Tittmann, Thomas R. Schneider, Holger Stark, Gleb Bourenkov, Ashwin Chari

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[10.1126/science.aaf8993]


Spatial organization of chromatin domains and compartments in single chromosomes
Siyuan Wang , Jun-Han Su, Brian J. Beliveau, Bogdan Bintu, Jeffrey R. Moffitt, Chao-ting Wu, Xiaowei Zhuang

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[10.1126/science.aaf8084]


RIPK1 mediates axonal degeneration by promoting inflammation and necroptosis in ALS
Yasushi Ito , Dimitry Ofengeim, Ayaz Najafov, Sudeshna Das, Shahram Saberi, Ying Li, Junichi Hitomi, Hong Zhu, Hongbo Chen, Lior Mayo, Jiefei Geng, Palak Amin, Judy Park DeWitt, Adnan Kasim Mookhtiar, Marcus Florez, Amanda Tomie Ouchida, Jian-bing Fan, Manolis Pasparakis, Michelle A. Kelliher, John Ravits, Junying Yuan

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[10.1126/science.aaf6803]


TECHNICAL COMMENTS

Comment on "Open-ocean fish reveal an omnidirectional solution to camouflage in polarized environments"
Thomas W. Cronin , Yakir Luc Gagnon, Sönke Johnsen, N. Justin Marshall, Nicholas W. Roberts

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[10.1126/science.aaf4481]


Response to Comment on "Open-ocean fish reveal an omnidirectional solution to camouflage in polarized environments"
Parrish Brady , Alex Gilerson, George Kattawar, Jim Sullivan, Mike Twardowski, Heidi Dierssen, Molly Cummings

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[10.1126/science.aaf5018]


NEW PRODUCTS

New Products
Stella Hurtley

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[10.1126/science.353.6299.610]